Lack of a particular protein in early brain development might be the root of certain types of epilepsy.
A study by researchers on embryonic mice at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology found that with less of the α2-chimaerin protein, brain cells in early development would not migrate to the correct areas of the brain, and also become hyperactive in firing neurons.
'The brain's neurons form circuitry and fire electric transmissions. You need precise wiring for daily activities ... the consequence if they fail to migrate, if they are impaired, is Lissencephaly, or smooth brain which causes epileptic seizures and mental retardation,' said Jacque Ip Pak-kan, one of the main researchers.
Epilepsy is caused when the brain releases excessive electrical signals causing its normal wiring to go awry. It can be brought on by deformations during early development or by injuries in later life.
In Hong Kong, there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 epileptics based on studies by Queen Mary Hospital, and global rates of epilepsy. Around 50 million people worldwide are thought to have the disorder.
'The next step is to think about gene therapy,' said Professor Nancy Ip Yuk-yu who supervised the study, though she declined to say when such treatment could be viable for the public.
The discovery would most probably affect research into focal epilepsy where the seizures start from one part of the brain and spread to others, said Gardian Fong Chung-yan, a clinical neurologist and member of the Hong Kong Neurological Society.
He said there were possibly thousands of causes of the disorder, not just the improper migration of brain cells.
'I can't comment on the study ... but with epilepsy, and with neurology in general, how diseases occur is kind of a mystery. Anything that will help us to learn how a disease develops, if the discovery shows the key processes of the disease, is good,' he said.
The HKUST findings were published in Nature Neuroscience, a well-respected journal in the neuro-science field.
她表示研究首度發現「α2-chimaerin」蛋白可調節神經細胞的遷移,是腦癇症病發的關鍵,「呢個蛋白負責將新嘅細胞由出世嘅地方,遷移到正確目的地、即係大腦皮層,但係腦癇症病人因蛋白發揮唔到作用,神經細胞就走錯位,去錯白質( white matter)區域囤積」。她指出有關蛋白未能發揮作用,疑受變種影響,造成的「遷移紊亂」,可令腦部異常活躍及引致腦癇症。
HKUST
Epileptic Seizures Decoded – HKUST Unravels Mechanism Behind Brain Development
香港科技大學全球首次成功破解 特定蛋白與癲癇症相關疾病發作的訊號機理
Neuron
α2-chimaerin controls neuronal migration and functioning of the cerebral cortex through CRMP-2 (Reference reading)
SCMP
Study could shed light on causes of epilepsy
Lack of a particular protein in early brain development might be the root of certain types of epilepsy.
A study by researchers on embryonic mice at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology found that with less of the α2-chimaerin protein, brain cells in early development would not migrate to the correct areas of the brain, and also become hyperactive in firing neurons.
'The brain's neurons form circuitry and fire electric transmissions. You need precise wiring for daily activities ... the consequence if they fail to migrate, if they are impaired, is Lissencephaly, or smooth brain which causes epileptic seizures and mental retardation,' said Jacque Ip Pak-kan, one of the main researchers.
Epilepsy is caused when the brain releases excessive electrical signals causing its normal wiring to go awry. It can be brought on by deformations during early development or by injuries in later life.
In Hong Kong, there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 epileptics based on studies by Queen Mary Hospital, and global rates of epilepsy. Around 50 million people worldwide are thought to have the disorder.
'The next step is to think about gene therapy,' said Professor Nancy Ip Yuk-yu who supervised the study, though she declined to say when such treatment could be viable for the public.
The discovery would most probably affect research into focal epilepsy where the seizures start from one part of the brain and spread to others, said Gardian Fong Chung-yan, a clinical neurologist and member of the Hong Kong Neurological Society.
He said there were possibly thousands of causes of the disorder, not just the improper migration of brain cells.
'I can't comment on the study ... but with epilepsy, and with neurology in general, how diseases occur is kind of a mystery. Anything that will help us to learn how a disease develops, if the discovery shows the key processes of the disease, is good,' he said.
The HKUST findings were published in Nature Neuroscience, a well-respected journal in the neuro-science field.
蘋果日報
科大發現關鍵基因蛋白 癲癇病人 腦神經細胞走錯位
科技大學的研究團隊全球首次破解腦癇症(前稱癲癇症)之謎,冀有助日後研發針對性的藥物。研究發現一個名為「α2-chimaerin」的基因蛋白若出現異常,會令腦部神經細胞「走錯位」,即出現「遷移紊亂」現象,可導致腦部過度活躍,並引發腦癇症;專家稍後會研究該蛋白與自閉症的關係。
科大理學院院長兼分子神經科學國家重點實驗室主任葉玉如表示,醫學界過往對上述蛋白的認識不多,只知道在胎兒期第三至第五個月形成,負責控制脊椎神經,幫助協調左右腳走路。
研究成果登國際期刊
她表示研究首度發現「α2-chimaerin」蛋白可調節神經細胞的遷移,是腦癇症病發的關鍵,「呢個蛋白負責將新嘅細胞由出世嘅地方,遷移到正確目的地、即係大腦皮層,但係腦癇症病人因蛋白發揮唔到作用,神經細胞就走錯位,去錯白質( white matter)區域囤積」。她指出有關蛋白未能發揮作用,疑受變種影響,造成的「遷移紊亂」,可令腦部異常活躍及引致腦癇症。
今次的研究是利用老鼠做實驗,從懷孕老鼠媽媽中取出胎兒,注射抑制「α2-chimaerin」的物質,令其腦部神經細胞「走錯位」。老鼠嬰兒出世後,檢查發現其腦部異常活躍,並出現與腦癇症相似,例如不斷抽搐等症狀,確定了有關蛋白對腦癇症病發起關鍵作用。研究又發現另一種蛋白可糾正走錯位問題,但要進一步研究確定。有關研究結果已在國際期刊《自然神經科學》刊登。
另有指與自閉症有關
葉玉如表示目前治療腦癇症的藥物,只是抑制腦部過度活躍,並非針對背後的成因用藥,加上現有藥物的副作用多,包括令病人變得呆滯等。她期望今次揭開了腦癇症之謎後,有助日後研發更多有效及具針對性的藥物,甚至基因治療方法。此外,過往曾有研究指「α2-chimaerin」蛋白與自閉症形成有關,研究團隊稍後會邀請自閉症病人提供 DNA(脫氧核醣核酸)樣本,進行相關研究。
特稿 現有藥物不治本 多副作用
港人的腦癇症病發率與外國相若,近年未見有明顯上升趨勢,本港估計約有四萬名患者。香港腦科基金會主席黃震遐表示,醫學界現時只知腦癇症與部份細胞過度活躍或被抑制有關,未知箇中原因,故藥物治標不治本,並非所有病人都有藥可醫。他指過往腦癇症成因未明,包括不知道與基因蛋白有關,醫生只能靠藥物調節病人的鈉、鉀及鈣水平,令神經細胞維持正常運作,病人要長期服藥控制病情。腦癇症成因很多,包括先天與後天原因,後天因素包括腦創傷或曾患腦炎等,「所以腦癇症藥物唔係對所有病人都有效,部份病人係控制唔到」。病人要承受藥物的副作用,包括疲累、平衡力差、記憶力減退等。醫學界期待更多有效及副作用較少的藥物推出市面。
東方日報
醫健:「蛋白」異動 腦癇抽搐元兇
腦癇症等神經系統疾病會令患者無法自控地抽搐,惟醫學界未能了解發病原理,只能以藥物抑制徵狀,導致患者有呆滯及抑鬱等副作用。香港科技大學於全球首次破解影響神經細胞的基因,發現控制神經細胞遷移的蛋白因無法正常運作,停滯的蛋白令部分腦功能變得過度活躍,繼而引發腦癇等神經系統疾病,將來可研發出針對病因的基因治療。
科大理學院院長兼分子神經科學國家重點實驗室主任葉玉如解釋,腦部是極其複雜的細胞,必須透過神經細胞之間不斷傳遞訊息,才可發揮各種功能。人類神經細胞早在胎兒期已開始發育,新生神經細胞會按特定路徑,遷移到大腦皮層,「好似爬山咁,要跟住登山索,先可以一步步向住山頂前進。」
科大全球首破解
然而,若有關遷移出現異常,神經細胞便無法到達正確位置,相反會沉積在大腦「白質」組織,令部分腦功能變得過度活躍,繼而引發各種神經系統疾病,如精神分裂症、自閉症,及各種形式的腦癇症,例如稱為「無腦回症」的腦部畸形疾病。她指科學界過往對此類疾病的發病機制並不清晰,現有藥物只能整體抑制腦部活躍情況,以減少腦癇發作,但會引致呆滯及抑鬱等副作用。
科大研究團隊發現一個名為「chn1」的基因,負責控制腦部的「α2-chimaerin」蛋白,它正是神經細胞能否正確遷移的關鍵。研究人員透過先進技術抑制老鼠胚胎的「α2-chimaerin」蛋白功能,再於不同階段分析老鼠腦切片,證實神經細胞遷移失常。最後再比較有基因缺陷老鼠及正常老鼠,發現缺陷老鼠會有腦癇發作。
她指過往亦有其他研究發現與神經系統疾病相關的蛋白,但從未像今次可完全破解整套機制,研究成果已刊登於權威期刊《自然神經科學》。人類神經細胞一般在懷胎三至五個月期間開始遷移,但她強調仍需更多實驗才得知治療適當時機,相信五年內未有可用於人體的技術。
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